Pig-tooth Coral

Overview

The Pig-tooth Coral (Balanophyllia europaea) is a small, solitary stony coral endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Unlike many other corals, this species maintains a symbiotic relationship with micro-algae, making it a photophilous organism that thrives in well-lit environments.

Distribution & habitat

This species is found exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea. It prefers shallow, bright waters and typically attaches to hard substrates such as rocks, shells, or artificial structures. It is commonly observed in rocky foreshore areas.

Appearance

This coral features an oval or molar-like calcareous skeleton that can reach up to 6 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height. Its body color ranges from light brown to greenish-brown. The polyp possesses short, nearly transparent tentacles that may display yellow, brown, or red spots, which are associated with the presence of its symbiotic algae.

Biology & behavior

Balanophyllia europaea is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, meaning each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. It reproduces sexually once a year, with fertilization occurring in spring. The coral acts as a brooder, retaining larvae internally until they are released in late summer or early autumn. Once released, the planula larvae drift as part of the zooplankton for about a week before settling on a suitable substrate to begin metamorphosis.

Feeding

While the coral relies significantly on the energy provided by its internal symbiotic algae, it also supplements its diet by capturing zooplankton. This feeding activity typically occurs during the night when the coral extends its tentacles to trap passing prey.