Spinetail Devil Ray

Overview

The Spinetail Devil Ray (Mobula mobular) is a large, highly mobile, and circumglobal species of ray found in tropical and temperate marine waters. It is the only member of the family Mobulidae that possesses a tail spine, a feature that distinguishes it from its close relatives.

Appearance

This species is characterized by a rhomboidal, depressed body with long, triangular pectoral fins and two cephalic lobes on the head that resemble horns. It typically displays a dark blue dorsal coloration, often with a whitish band around the head, while the ventral side is white. The tail is thin and whip-like, featuring one or more spines and prickles behind the dorsal fin.

Distribution & habitat

Spinetail Devil Rays are widely distributed across the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea, and extend into other oceans. While they are pelagic and often found in offshore waters, they also frequent continental shelves and areas near oceanic islands. They are typically observed in the upper water layers, though they are capable of diving to significant depths.

Biology & behavior

These rays are generally gregarious and known for their impressive, acrobatic leaps out of the water. They are capable of large-scale migrations, which are likely influenced by seasonal shifts in prey availability. As a species with low biological productivity, they are highly susceptible to population declines due to fishing pressure and bycatch.

Feeding

They feed on small pelagic fishes and crustaceans. They use their cephalic lobes to funnel prey toward their mouths, where it is then filtered through specialized gill plates.

Reproduction

This species is viviparous, specifically exhibiting aplacental viviparity with histotrophy. Females typically produce a single pup per litter after a gestation period of approximately 12 months.