Mediterranean Horse Mackerel

Overview

The Mediterranean Horse Mackerel is a migratory, benthopelagic fish known for forming large schools in subtropical marine and brackish waters. It is a commercially significant species often found in the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea.

Appearance

This species features an elongated, compressed, fusiform body with a large head and a noticeably projecting lower jaw. It is characterized by a well-developed adipose eyelid and a distinct notch on the posterior margin of the opercle. Its coloration is typically dusky, appearing blue to grey or blackish along the dorsal side and top of the head.

Distribution & habitat

Its range extends through the Eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay down to Mauritania, encompassing the Mediterranean Sea. A specific subspecies, T. m. ponticus, is found in the Marmara, Black, and Azov Seas. While they are often found near the bottom, they also frequent surface waters, typically inhabiting areas with sandy or rocky substrates.

Biology & behavior

These fish are highly migratory and social, frequently traveling in large shoals that may include other horse mackerel species. They are oceanodromous, meaning they migrate within the ocean for breeding or feeding purposes. Spawning generally occurs during the summer months, and the species produces pelagic eggs.

Feeding

As active predators, they primarily feed on small crustaceans, such as copepods and shrimps. Their diet also includes various small schooling fishes, including sardines and anchovies.