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Overview

Pseudoceros maximus is a marine flatworm found primarily in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is a benthic species often observed on rocky substrates, frequently associated with sponges and bryozoans.

Appearance

This flatworm has a wide, oval, and flattened body with a fleshy consistency and slightly ruffled edges. Its dorsal surface is typically brown, ranging from light to dark shades, and is decorated with irregular white or whitish specks and brushstrokes. A central longitudinal ridge, formed by the pharynx, runs along the back. At the anterior end, the animal features two simple, highly mobile pseudotentacles used for sensing. The ventral surface is generally much lighter, often appearing whitish.

Biology & behavior

Pseudoceros maximus moves by gliding across surfaces using tiny, invisible cilia, though it can also swim through the water column using rhythmic body undulations. It possesses a remarkable capacity for regeneration, allowing it to potentially regrow into two complete individuals if split. As a hermaphroditic species, it carries both male and female reproductive organs. When mating, individuals may engage in a behavior where they compete to determine which will act as the fertilizing partner.

Feeding

This species is a carnivore that feeds on a variety of sessile and small marine organisms, including sponges, bryozoans, tunicates, and small crustaceans. It feeds by extending its pharynx outward to capture and digest prey, later expelling any indigestible remains through the same opening, as it lacks a separate anus.