Reticulated Leatherjacket

Overview

The Reticulated Leatherjacket (Stephanolepis diaspros) is a medium-sized, laterally compressed fish belonging to the filefish family. Originally native to the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, it has become a well-established Lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean Sea after passing through the Suez Canal.

Appearance

This species features a deep, compressed body covered in rough, shagreen-like skin composed of tiny scales with delicate spinules. It has a pointed snout with a small terminal mouth and incisor-like teeth. A distinctive single, strong dorsal spine with barbs on its posterior edge sits above the eyes. The second dorsal fin and anal fin are positioned opposite each other, with the second ray of the second dorsal fin often appearing long and filamentous, particularly in males. The body is typically brownish-green or greyish-green with complex patterns of spots and dark lines, while the dorsal and anal fins exhibit yellow to orange hues. Adult males may display rows of horny patches on the caudal peduncle.

Distribution & habitat

While native to the northwestern Indian Ocean, the species is now common in the eastern Mediterranean and has spread to central Mediterranean regions. It typically inhabits coastal areas, favoring rocky substrates with vegetation, seagrass meadows, and sometimes sandy or muddy bottoms.

Biology & behavior

These fish are generally encountered in small groups. They are bottom-feeders that use their specialized teeth to pluck small invertebrates from rocky surfaces. Young individuals may also be found foraging in open water over sandy or muddy substrates.